The theoretical framework presented in this article explains
expert performance as the end result of individuals' prolonged efforts to
improve performance while negotiating motivational and external constraints. In
most domains of expertise, individuals begin in their childhood a regimen of
effortful activities (deliberate practice) designed to optimize improvement.
Individual differences, even among elite performers, are closely related to
assessed amounts of deliberate practice. Many characteristics once believed to
reflect innate talent are actually the result of intense practice extended for a
minimum of 10 years. Analysis of expert performance provides unique evidence on
the potential and limits of extreme environmental adaptation and learning.
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